Ottoman Empire

October 26, 1912: Greek Army Liberates Thessaloniki from Ottoman Rule

It was October 26, 1912 when freedom bells rang in Thessaloniki, as the Greek army liberated the city from Ottoman rule. The city was freed only twenty days after the declaration of the First Balkan War. At the start of...

How Lawrence of Arabia Used Byzantine Archaeology to Serve British Imperial Interests

A 1914 expedition that took the future Lawrence of Arabia to Byzantine ruins in the Negev Desert was also a covert British military mission, according to new historical research. The study reveals how his investigation of ancient farming systems...

Battle of Navarino: A Milestone in the Greek War of Independence

The Battle of Navarino, one of the most important battles in Greece’s War of Independence, took place on October 20, 1827. It was on this date that a coalition of united European powers defeated the Ottoman-Turkish naval forces in the...

Greece’s Lousios Gorge: Where Zeus Was Bathed and Monasteries Cling to Cliffs

Lousios Gorge has been inhabited for centuries in Greece, mainly by hermits and monks who lived in caves. Two monasteries located near the gorge remain open to visitors: Philosophou and Timiou Prodromou (St. John the Baptist). The historian Pausanias described...

How Emperor Constantine Palaiologos’ Heroism Shaped the Soul of Modern Greece

If the urban legends are to be believed, "The city has fallen and I am still alive" were the last, painful words of Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine Emperor. On May 29 1453, as the world of Byzantium crumbled...

How Empires Fall: The Marxist Perspective

There are a million different theories about why great empires fall, and the real reasons are painstakingly multifaceted, but one theory that has been less promulgated is the Marxist one. Marx wrote about the contradictions of capitalism, resulting from the...

When Europe United for Crete: The Two-Decade Siege Began in 1645

The Cretan War, which lasted for over two decades, began in June 1645—just under four centuries ago. It was a long and bitter conflict that saw the then-powerful Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire fight over who would...

The Hidden Christians in Turkey Who Preserved Greek and Armenian Identity After Genocide

A new study traces how Armenian and Greek Christians survived genocide in the Ottoman Empire by hiding their faith, becoming what historians call crypto-Christians. Published in the journal Armenological Issues, the research shows how thousands of families converted to Islam...

The Greek Pirate Who Betrayed Everyone: The Story of Limberakis Gerakaris

As smoke curled over the hills of the Peloponnese, many villagers were aware that the danger was not coming from powerful, invading armies but from one particular man, Limberakis Gerakaris, a Greek pirate—not your typical man of the 17th...

Why Constantinople’s Fall Was Not Inevitable

Historian Anthony Kaldellis, Professor of Classics at the University of Chicago, challenges the long-held idea that the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 was inevitable, arguing that the siege should be understood through the specific military and tactical factors that...