Archaeologists in Mexico have uncovered two high-relief stucco sculptures dating to the Epiclassic period, around 650 to 900 AD. The figures were found at the Tetlatlahuca site in Tlaxcala and show clear signs of deliberate decapitation.
Researchers say the discovery sheds new light on how power and identity were expressed in ancient Mesoamerican societies. The reliefs likely represent an important indigenous lineage and may reflect shifts in authority or ritual practices linked to leadership.
Reliefs discovered during rescue excavation
The sculptures were uncovered during an archaeological rescue project led by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). Work has been ongoing since February at the summit of Cerro de las Tres Cruces.
The northern relief measures about 1.80 meters (5.9 feet) long and 40 centimeters(1.3 feet) high. The southern relief is smaller, measuring 1.45 meters (4.8 feet) long and 30 centimeters (1 foot) high. Both were crafted in stucco and designed in high relief, projecting outward from a surface.
Experts say the removal of the heads was intentional. In many ancient cultures, such acts carried symbolic meaning. They were often linked to political change, ritual activity, or the rejection of previous authority.
Symbolism points to fertility and elite identity
Although the reliefs are incomplete, several details remain visible. Archaeologist Ramón Santacruz Cano, who leads the excavation, said the figures include serpent bodies. One relief preserves part of a forked tongue and fragments of fangs.
These features may be associated with Tláloc, the Mesoamerican rain deity linked to fertility and water. Serpent imagery also carried strong symbolic meaning across the region, often tied to renewal and natural forces.
Santacruz Cano said such representations were commonly found in elite spaces. Similar designs appear in major centers like Teotihuacan and later sites such as Xochicalco and Cacaxtla.
Findings suggest a palatial complex
The reliefs were found in a courtyard that appears to belong to a palatial structure. This suggests the site may have served as an important residential or administrative center for high-status groups.
The layout follows architectural patterns seen in nearby sites, including Cacaxtla. Archaeologists say this raises the possibility that additional buildings remain buried in the surrounding area.
Excavations have already revealed remains of floors and walls, many still covered in original stucco plaster. Researchers have also identified the four corners of the courtyard, helping define the structure’s layout.
Fragments of mural paintings have been recovered along the western edge of the site. These resemble the well-known Cacaxtla style, known for its vivid imagery and detailed compositions.
Discovery highlights shared regional power
Santacruz Cano said the findings challenge earlier views of centralized power in the region. Evidence suggests that political and economic influence was not limited to Cacaxtla.
Archaeologists in Mexico have uncovered two decapitated stucco reliefs dating back 1,300+ years in Tlaxcala.
The figures, linked to elite power and fertility symbolism, may reshape understanding of how authority was shared across ancient Mesoamerican sites—not just in Cacaxtla. pic.twitter.com/HDmvyxEXg0— Tom Marvolo Riddle (@tom_riddle2025) March 19, 2026
Instead, power appears to have been shared among several local centers, including Tetlatlahuca, Teacalco, and San Juan Huactzinco. This points to a more complex regional system during the Epiclassic period.
Authorities move to protect the site
During a visit to Tlaxcala, INAH Director General Omar Vázquez Herrera signed a collaboration agreement with the Tetlatlahuca City Council. The agreement aims to support research, conservation, legal protection, and public awareness of the site.
Local authorities have committed to securing the area by installing fencing and maintaining protection measures. Specialists have also reinforced the reliefs using compatible materials to prevent further damage.
Officials said the sculptures will be covered temporarily to ensure their preservation until they can be safely displayed to the public.
Vázquez Herrera said protecting archaeological heritage requires cooperation across all levels of government, along with public involvement. Authorities added that discoveries like this highlight the importance of preserving Mexico’s cultural legacy while continuing research into its ancient past.
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