Xenophon

What Happened at an Ancient Greek Symposium

The symposium was one of the most important aspects of ancient Greek culture, as it served as an essential setting for discussions, revelry, and debates among some of the most prominent figures in Greek antiquity. Symposium, or "συμπόσιον" in Greek,...

Why Tattoos Were a Mark of Shame in Ancient Greece

Tattoos were considered a sign of "otherness" in ancient Greece, as it was either foreigners or slaves, criminals, and captives who had tattoos in ancient Greek society. Body modification, such as tattoos and piercings, has been common throughout human societies...

Ancient Greek Military Strategies Still Used Today

Ancient Greece is often lauded for its contributions to philosophy, politics, and culture. However, its citizens were also innovators of military theory and practice. For modern militaries and military thinkers, their history is thus replete with valuable case studies on...

How Ancient Greece Went From Barter to Money and Changed Civilization

The transition from barter to currency in Ancient Greece was a giant step in the history of civilization. The change transformed trade, reshaped political authority, encouraged long-distance commerce, and altered the way Greeks understood wealth, value, and social relationships. Before...

The Day 10,000 Ancient Greeks Accidentally Ate Hallucinogenic Honey

As ancient Greek military leader Xenophon and his army of Ten Thousand marched through unfamiliar lands, they stumbled upon a seemingly harmless delicacy—honey. Little did they know, this 'mad honey' would soon bring them to their knees, rendering them...

The Untold Story of Socrates: When the Greek Philosopher Fought in the Peloponnesian War

Socrates, renowned for being one of the greatest philosophers of all time, was also distinguished by his remarkable service as warrior. While we often associate philosophers with mere contemplation, Socrates demonstrated that true virtue is proven through action before...

Is Xenophon the Founder of Tachygraphy?

Among the innovations of Ancient Greece is tachygraphy, a method of rapid writing developed to capture speech accurately. Scholars debate its origins, but many identify ancient Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian Xenophon as a key figure in early...

When Ancient Greeks Clashed with the Kurds in the Rugged Zagros Mountains

Ancient Greek mercenaries under military leader Xenophon clashed with fierce mountain tribes, known as the Karduchoi, the ancestors of the Kurds, who lived far beyond the reach of Persia’s great kings. In 401 BC, an army of Ancient Greeks advanced through...

The Great Escape: How 10,000 Ancient Greek Warriors Fled Persia Against All Odds

Xenophon's Anabasis follows the journey of ten thousand Greek mercenaries and their families trapped deep behind enemy lines. Their gripping escape became the stuff of legend. Interwoven within the grand saga are stories of leadership, resilience, and the relentless...

Euandria: The Ancient Greek Strength and Beauty Contest for Men

Male beauty and strength were highly valued by the ancient Greeks, as evidenced by sculptures and other works of art, and were celebrated at a special beauty pageant known as Euandria. In ancient Greek, the word "euandria" (manliness) referred to...