In an astonishing discovery, intact Byzantine-era frescoes have been unearthed beneath the white walls of the Church of Saint Nicholas in Mesopotamia, Albania.
Archaeologists and conservators from the European Centre for Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Monuments were thrilled to discover vibrantly colored figures of saints, preserved for centuries at a height of eight meters.
Flora Karagianni, the center’s director, expressed immense joy, stating in speaking with the Athens-Macedonia News Agency (AMNA):
“This has not happened anywhere else. In other monuments that we conserve outside Greece, the frescoes are always known; we just go there and do cleaning, fixing. We experienced this joy of revelation very intensely in the church of Saint Nicholas.”
The story of the church with the Byzantine frescoes in Albania
According to civil engineer Leonidas Pappas, a scholar of monument restoration and former president of “Omonia” (representing Greeks in Albania), local tradition suggests the monastery of Saint Nicholas in Mesopotamia, a village in Northern Epirus, situated in today’s Albania, was built around 1050 during the reign of Emperor Constantine the Conqueror.
The church holds a unique place in history, having survived the forty-year rule of Albanian leader Enver Hoxha, who systematically destroyed religious buildings. It was one of only 350 churches spared from demolition or conversion into agricultural storage.
Pappas also recounted a fascinating, albeit unconfirmed, hypothesis proposed by historian and architect Alexander Mexi, the first prime minister of post-colonial Albania.
Mexi suggested that the church once operated with two sanctuaries, serving both Orthodox and Catholic congregations during the Despotate of Epirus, when the region was under the rule of the House of Anjou. While Pappas considers this unlikely— possibly a theory circulated for the purpose of tourism—it highlights the site’s rich and complex history.
Pappas also shared a poignant family tale passed down through generations: a young woman, pregnant out of wedlock 150 years ago, sought refuge in the church after facing threats to her life. The monastery sheltered her, and she later gave birth there before marrying a relative of Pappas.
Meticulous conservation and future plans
The conservation work at the Church of Saint Nicholas has unfolded in phases. The Institute of Monuments of the Ministry of Culture of Albania initially undertook efforts to strengthen the building. This was followed by the second phase, led by the European Centre for Byzantine Monuments, focusing on the preservation of the church’s decorative elements, including the newly revealed frescoes and sculptures.
Pappas noted that the vibrant colors used in the frescoes were likely derived from plants, as pigments were not commonly available or were quite expensive at the time. This suggests that a prominent individual of the era likely financed the church’s elaborate artwork. This second phase of work is a testament to international collaboration, implemented under a Memorandum of Cooperation, signed in 2021 between the center’s president, Natalia Poulou, and Albania’s then-Minister of Culture, Elma Margariti.
Funded by the Greek Ministry of Culture, the conservation of the frescoes is slated for completion in 2026. The project has seen close cooperation between the Centre and the Institute of Monuments of Albania, with practical assistance from the Municipality of Finiq and support from the Greek Embassy in Tirana and the Consulate General of Gjirokastër.
The European Centre’s global impact
The discovery at Saint Nicholas is part of a broader mission undertaken by the European Centre for Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Monuments. For approximately 28 years, the center has been dedicated to conservation and restoration programs for Byzantine monuments outside Greece.
Karagianni highlighted the center’s extensive work, which spans the Balkans, Middle East, Turkey, and the Black Sea. Through memoranda of cooperation with local Ministries of Culture or churches, and with funding from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, these projects aim to preserve and highlight invaluable cultural heritage.
Notable past projects include the preservation of mosaic floors in the early Christian basilica of Prophet Elias in Jordan, frescoes in North Macedonia, and wood-carved icons and shrines of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. As Karagianni told AMNA, “Each case is unique.”
Related: The Greek Church With the Finest Byzantine-Era Frescoes
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