Climate Change: Wildfire Risk Has Grown Everywhere

As climate change makes hot and dry conditions—often termed “fire weather”—more common and severe, vegetation dries out and landscapes become more flammable, pushing up the odds of dangerous wildfires.

By Stefan H Doerr, Cristina Santín, John Abatzoglou, Pep Canadell and Matthew William Jones

Humans have raised CO₂ levels in the atmosphere to 50 percent above what they were before the industrial revolution. As a result, the world has already become warmer by 1.1°C over the past century and reports indicate that it could reach 2.7°C of warming by the end of this century.

Bouts of severe drought, heat, and low humidity are becoming more extreme as the climate warms. As climate change makes hot and dry conditions—often termed “fire weather”—more common and severe, vegetation dries out, and landscapes become more flammable, pushing up the odds of dangerous wildfires.

Scientists can measure changes in fire weather (temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind) to rate the level of danger of a wildfire striking. In a new global analysis, we found that in many regions of the world, the pace at which fire weather conditions are increasing is accelerating faster than climate models have thus far predicted.

We used weather observations and climate models to assess historical and future trends in fire weather to find out how conditions are changing in specific countries and regions. We also analyzed data from other recent studies to assess how likely it is that future changes in fire weather will lead to more wildfires, based on relationships between fire and the climate, human use of the land, and changes in plant growth.

We found that the length of the fire weather season (when most fires tend to occur) has already expanded significantly in many regions since the 1980s. On average, this season has lengthened by 27 percent globally, but the increases have been particularly pronounced in the Amazon, the Mediterranean, and the western forests of North America.

The number of days with extreme fire weather—that is, when temperatures are particularly high, recent rainfall and humidity is particularly low, and winds are capable of fanning a blaze—have become 54 percent more frequent at the global level. Because of this, larger and more severe fires that are difficult to contain are now more likely than they were in the past. This is one of the reasons that some of the recent fires in the western US or Australia have been so extensive and damaging. More extreme fires burn more vegetation, exacting a heavier toll on ecosystems and emitting more CO₂ to the atmosphere.

We also predicted that climate change’s influence on fire weather will escalate in the future, with each additional degree of global warming substantially enhancing the risk of wildfires by preparing the landscape to burn.

If global temperatures reach upwards of 2°C above the pre-industrial average, fire weather conditions will be virtually unrecognizable compared with those in the recent history of most world regions.

People still influence wildfire occurrence

Climate change and its effect on fire weather, however, is not the only factor driving changes in wildfire activity. Human actions strongly affect the odds of risky weather conditions spawning a wildfire, either pushing with or pulling against the effect of climate change.

Fires caused by people are especially relevant outside of the vast northern forests of Eurasia and North America, where there are few dense population centrers and many fires are set by lightning. Closer to towns and cities, sparks from faulty power lines or agricultural machinery, arson, or the use of fire to burn farming or logging residue, for example, increase the risk of wildfire.

But people have also inadvertently made large conflagrations less likely by making it harder for wildfires to spread through naturally fire-prone landscapes. This includes, for example, converting forest to farmland, or breaking up the highly flammable grassland vegetation of savannahs in Africa, Brazil, and northern Australia.

The common approach of fighting fires in naturally fire-prone landscapes—applied in many regions of the US, Australia, and Mediterranean Europe—can suppress blazes for a time, but these forests end up accumulating excessive vegetation fuel, which has contributed to more severe wildfires, especially during droughts.

Although weather conditions conducive to wildfires are on an upward trajectory in nearly every part of the world, human actions still mediate or override the climatic influence in many regions. This may seem encouraging, but the effectiveness of human efforts to dampen the role of climate change diminishes with every additional decimal of a degree of warming.

Predicting how climate change and human activity will affect future wildfire risk worldwide is difficult, but one aspect is very clear. Slowing and reversing the accumulation of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere will slow the acceleration of wildfire risk. Weather conditions promoting fire have already increased faster than anticipated in many wildfire-prone regions, and committing to further warming through emissions will undoubtedly raise them further.

Failing to keep global warming under 2°C, the minimal goal of the Paris Agreement, carries a dangerous price: unprecedented wildfire risks on the world stage. What we do next matters.

Stefan H Doerr is a Professor of Geography and Director of the Centre for Wildfire Research, Swansea University,

Cristina Santín, Investigadora Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Mixto de Investigación en Biodiversidad (Universidad de Oviedo -CSIC)

John Abatzoglou is an Associate Professor of Engineering, University of California, Merced

Matthew William Jones is an NERC Independent Research Fellow in Physical Geography, University of East Anglia

Pep Canadell is Chief Research Scientist, Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere; Executive Director, Global Carbon Project, CSIRO

The article was published in The Conversation and is republished under a Creative Commons License.