The philosophical dialogue, The Republic, was written by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato around 375 BCE. It describes his vision of an ideal and just society that would be ruled by philosopher-kings.

Over two thousand years later, this work on political theory and justice remains deeply relevant as we evaluate modern systems of governance around the world.

From the leadership of philosopher-kings to state-controlled education, it’s worth seeing whether his proposals represent a utopian dream of a society or a dystopian nightmare. This, of course, is viewed through the lens of 21st-century values of our liberal democracies, human rights, and individual liberties.

Plato’s concept of justice

According to Plato, justice is a human virtue. This virtue makes an individual “self-consistent and good” while also promoting harmony in society overall. The Republic associates justice at the level of the state or city (‘polis’ in ancient Greek) with justice in the individual soul. In this work, Plato argues that a society based on justice depends on its citizens who display the virtue of justice, too.

Plato also argues that justice, along with wisdom, courage, and moderation, is one of the four cardinal virtues.

To him, justice represents an order or harmony within the individual self. This harmony finds itself between the rational, spirited, and appetitive (bodily) aspects of an individual. Additionally, Plato also believes this harmony extends to the dimension of classes and their interests within the society. Unlike conventional perspectives of our times, which normally focus on property rights or social contracts, Plato sees justice as something deeper—as an inner grace within human beings aligned with civic duty.

Critically, a just individual or society based on true justice acts regarding objective standards of good rather than subjective ones. According to Plato, these exist independently of personal interests or advantages and shape the perceptions of every individual.

Among others, justice requires refraining from harming others even when provoked, while also maintaining promises and fulfilling agreements with others. This is why Plato also believes that respecting communal laws established for the common good is of paramount importance.

For him, the just life has its own inherent value and is not chosen by people merely for reputation or fame. Hence, in Platonic thought, justice is a master virtue. It enables both individual excellence and a political state that would be ideal for all. In this scenario, social classes cooperate instead of competing. Through just souls and just institutions, human potential and happiness can be fully realized, according to Plato’s theory.

Educational system in Kallipolis

The ideal city-state of Kallipolis, as envisaged by Plato in The Republic relies on a strict educational system. The role of this system is to nurture its rulers as well as its citizens. Thus, Plato’s philosophy of education aims at developing virtue, wisdom, and good ethical character for every citizen.

According to him, the future guardians or philosopher-kings will have to undergo rigorous schooling in areas such as mathematics, science, philosophy, and music. This will ensure that they sharpen their abilities in the crucial areas of reasoning, leadership, and maintaining harmony both in the personal and public sphere.

As outlined in The Republic, Plato’s curriculum for this societal elite emphasizes subjects that have the ability to empower rulers to attain truth. This would be crucial in this ideal society, as these elites would be able to make judicious decisions for the good of the community as a whole.

This core training of the philosophers-kings would include, among others, abstract reasoning, pure mathematics, dialectics examining underlying forms and assumptions, and, crucially, an emphasis on moral self-mastery.

In contrast, ordinary people and the masses would receive a basic education in Kallipolis. Their education would be focused on developing more cooperative and civic attitudes as well as specific skills that would be needed to fulfill their roles in this ideal society. While the system divides children early based on capabilities as well as their social class, the citizens of Kallipolis would still receive moral and ethical education, as it is seen as necessary. This would allow them to properly follow orders and rules, as set by the enlightened elite.

Thus, Plato’s education system aims to supply rulers with the necessary knowledge that would enable their philosopher-king status. At the same time, this structure would give average citizens sufficient intellectual and ethical schooling, too, to navigate the complexities of everyday life. This would thereby ensure social stability within a society that would, inevitably, be unequal.

As one can understand, this two-tier model comes in direct contrast with modern ideals of equal opportunities and well-rounded public schooling for all, regardless of backgrounds. Rather, it is based on needs.

Is Plato’s Republic an ancient Greek prelude to socialism?

Many people have argued that in his ideal society, Plato proposes a system that is seminally socialist, if not communist for the guardian class. This “enlightened” elite would rule and protect Kallipolis, as they would be both intellectually and morally capable to do so. The select group would live in a community totally devoid of private property. It would engage in exclusive marriages and have nuclear families. Guardians would have to share dwellings, spouses, and children. The aim of all this, of course, would be to reinforce communal bonds above the selfish interests of the individual.

Does this remind us of something? All we have to do is look into the foundational principles of the Soviet Union to draw some parallels with Plato’s story.

Plato also argues that communal living without any personal wealth is capable of producing impartial philosopher-kings and courageous rulers. These individuals would be focused wholly on public duties away from individualistic distractions. Shared experience would also aim to enhance social cohesion against inevitable divisions by the different classes within the community.

This principle extends into more personal aspects of human life, such as marriage. Guardians of Kallipolis would be denied exclusive relationships. This is because Plato believed these would prioritize specific individuals above collective welfare.

While restrictions on marriage and property aim to strengthen society as a whole, the modern reader may perceive them as totally dystopian infringements on liberty. The average citizen of a liberal Western society of the 21st century might hear all these proposals as completely scary and contradictive with each one’s pursuit of happiness.

As we all know, historical examples of attempts at actual governance under communist principles in the 20th century failed, often tragically. This eventuality is being used by the opponents of Plato’s ideas as an argument for the difficulties in enforcing Plato’s ideals in practice.

However, the recognition of Plato that self-interest can distort social bonds and plague our society with individualistic principles continues to resonate with many.

The role and power of the guardians: Protectors or controllers?

In The Republic, Plato argues that the guardians have a duty to obtain significant control in the affairs of Kallipolis. There is a sole reason for this, namely to guide society towards virtue and stability and avoid societal chaos.

Appointed based on rigorous training and testing, these philosopher-kings would be making and enforcing laws. These laws would regulate both public and private conduct of citizens, the latter of which would be unthinkable for today’s Western societies. Their wisdom and shared interests with the city would supposedly check abuses of power and serve as the means to balance power.

Obviously, Plato grants his guardians extensive authority over their fellow citizens. This appears extremely totalitarian by modern standards, something that today we see in autocratic and suppressing regimes.

Guardians in Plato’s Republic would supervise issues such as marriage, reproduction, raising children, poetry, music, and even opinions expressed by people. This standardized and systematic control of each person’s lifestyle and mentality would be relentless.

Its purpose, however, would be aimed at producing social harmony that would trump all caveats.

It must be mentioned that the claim that rigorous preparation ensures only the most virtuous of citizens become guardians remains highly debatable. One might wonder who would check and guarantee that. Surely, if this responsibility falls on humans, it would mean they are already morally superior and could, therefore, assume the role themselves.

It is evident that without checks and balances, absolute elite rule risks becoming self-serving too quickly. All one needs to do to determine this is to look at the numerous examples of “enlightened” leaders going rogue in human history.

Overall, Plato’s Republic does highlight an enduring political challenge. It is that of empowering someone with sufficient authority to govern effectively on the one hand while preventing unchecked control that would threaten individual liberties on the other.

Plato’s philosopher-kings, however, lean excessively towards absolute and totalitarian duties rather than rights-protecting restrictions. This would be essential for modern freedom anyway.

Assessing Plato’s Republic: A utopian dream or dystopian nightmare?

In assessing Plato’s Republic, we see an ingenious experiment of human thinking in constructing an ideal society. This community would be ruled by philosopher-kings, who would be trained in reason and justice.

However, many of its proposals—from censorship to state control over personal and family life—are unthinkable by modern liberal standards that value individual rights. Ultimately, while Plato’s emphasis placed on harmony, wisdom, and virtue still resonates, his proposed authoritarian methods can only seem dystopian to the citizen of the twenty-first century. They come in direct contrast to the heart of many modern societal priorities, including these of diversity and individual liberty.

So, yes, the Republic of Plato represents more of a dystopian version of an idealistic and yet non-existent society than a utopian dream in which every citizen would flourish. Nonetheless, grappling with the complex relationships between justice, order, and leadership, Plato still provokes questions and invites us to think about what we could do better millennia after his time.